The Essence of Decentralized Systems and Node Operation

Core Features of Decentralization

Decentralized systems are network structures composed of numerous autonomous nodes. In such systems, nodes can freely connect with each other, forming dynamic network topologies. Any node may temporarily become a center at a certain time, but it will not possess coercive control. Interactions between nodes generate nonlinear effects through the network. This open, flat, and egalitarian system structure is the embodiment of decentralization.

Decentralization does not completely eliminate the center, but allows nodes to autonomously choose and decide the center. In contrast to traditional centralized systems, decentralization empowers each node with the possibility of becoming a center. Any central status is temporary and does not have binding force.

The Composition of Nodes in the Bitcoin Network

In the Bitcoin network, full Nodes are the most important components. Full Nodes store the complete blockchain data, can independently verify all transactions, and update information in real-time. They are responsible for broadcasting and verifying transactions, maintaining the normal operation of the entire network.

Becoming a Bitcoin full Node is very simple. You just need a regular personal computer, install the Bitcoin client software, and synchronize the data. Currently, the complete Bitcoin transaction data is about 200GB, which is not a very high barrier for ordinary users. This means that everyone has the opportunity to participate in the network, personally verify transactions, and view the ledger without relying on any intermediary.

To further lower the participation threshold, Bitcoin also offers the functionality of pruning nodes. Although pruning nodes do not retain all historical data, they can still independently complete transaction confirmations; however, they cannot provide complete blockchain data for other nodes.

Characteristics of Nodes in the Ethereum Network

Ethereum's full nodes are referred to as "archive nodes." Compared to Bitcoin, the Ethereum system is more complex. In addition to storing transaction data, Ethereum also integrates the EVM virtual machine, which has the computing and programming capabilities for smart contracts. This means that, in addition to handling transfers, Ethereum also needs to store a large amount of "state" data.

The state data of Ethereum is growing rapidly, putting immense pressure on system storage. Currently, the total data volume of a complete Ethereum network is approaching 2TB, which is about 10 times that of Bitcoin. This also reflects the complexity and feature richness of Ethereum as a programmable blockchain platform.